Men

There are not very many motion pictures and even less network shows that are significant. Many group to the venue to make up for lost time with their stars which they mechanically follow in the newspaper papers.  For the individuals who like to be engaged by provocative movies by method of the thoughtless blockbusters, there are not many to look over. The Ox Bow Incident, The China Syndrome, Schlinder’s List and 12 Angry Men all fill in as an alternate sort of film: one with a message that should be assimilated and recognized.(Maltin, 145) The standards for the watcher might be distinctive however the entirety of the previously mentioned motion pictures, or rather films, explicitly 12 Angry Men, serve to depict a message that is immortal. The message one has the ethical duty and is energized in a free majority rule government, to defend foul play by talking one’s psyche openly. This reason will consistently be ageless and the way that this film was recorded clearly, 50 years back and with 95% of the film being shot continuously and in just the jury room, has little criticalness on the significance of the film and its impact.(Carr, 83) In 12 Angry Men, 12 attendants are confronted with the ability to end the life of a youngster that is blamed for slaughtering his dad. It is 1950’s New York and the Puerto Rican populace, of which the blamed is part for, is moving to New York in huge numbers, causing misery and raising the rage on the majority.(Weiler, B1) Racist presumptions, combined with the total lack of concern of a large portion of the members of the jury towards the eventual fate of the denounced make it a difficult task for Henry Fonda’s character to persuade the other eleven legal hearers to at any rate give the kid a reasonable hearing and to disregard, for an evening, the preferences that would constrain them to rapidly decide in favor of the passing of this youngster. The film works and has stood the trial of time as a result of the on-screen characters, the extraordinary manner by which it was shot and the topic of the film. This film is required review for some, law classes and is being concentrated some place in the nation about each day of the week. One manner by which the film works is that is addresses the obstacles that racial preferences have on society all in all as well as on the person as such disdain wars against the bliss and happiness of the individual are completely found in the film. The members of the jury that needed the denounced to get capital punishment appeared to be the angriest. This was explicitly the situation with the last hold outs towards a quittance. Attendants # 3 and #10 played by Lee J. Cobb and Edward Beagley. The kid is Hispanic, Puerto Rican to be explicit and is alluded to as â€Å"one of them† on various events. ( Lumet, 1957) If it was not made evident in the film, our better prepared eyes and ears can without much of a stretch see that the remark encapsulates supremacist suggestions and will very likely cloud the capacity for those legal hearers to cast a ballot with a fair brain. Motion pictures that have had significant messages were some of the time lost on the grounds that either the entertainers were of a normal quality and additionally the progression of the film just didn’t work. The most clear explanation that this film works is a result of the heavenly exhibitions by Henry Fonda, Lee J. Cobb, Jack Warman and Jack Klugman to give some examples. Ordinarily, the significance of a film and its message is lost in light of the fact that the overall population basically didn't care for the film. A case of this is The Ox Bow Incident. Made in 1943 and featuring Henry Fonda. Its genuine substance didn't mean a group of people during WWII and the film was lost, just to be rediscovered decades later as a significant film. ( Maltin, 146 ) 12 Angry Men, however not a blockbuster, was viewed as a significant film by pundits and the New York Times, at the hour of the movie’s discharge, called it amusement with a message. The film works since it is engaging and therefore, its capacity to contact a more extensive crowd and to be regarded by said crowd is considerably more amplified. The film additionally works on the grounds that a contemporary crowd can see that it was comparatively radical in its topic and message. The thoughts of going to bat for one’s convictions were the same old thing in film. John Wayne was seen facing the apparent shrewdness Native Americans as he helped take their territory and the crowds commonly cherished him for it. However, the possibility that someone would support the privileges of a youngster with a fierce past who was a minority, was something new in standard Hollywood. What was much progressively significant was the way that Henry Fonda went to bat for the kid by calling attention to the ageism and in particular, prejudice of one portion of the hearers and the indifference towards their obligation of the other half. It is the manner by which Henry Fonda and an extraordinary cast depict the message to the crowd that makes this film work and will keep on working for quite a long time to come. The film likewise works since it was unique in relation to most of the motion pictures coming out around then. There was no romantic tale, no generally off base western, no blockbuster that was high on blasts and feeble on story line however a dramatization in its most flawless structures. The film was recorded in high contrast when most of the studios was attempting to battle the approaching impact of TV and was moving firmly towards Technicolor. There are no fantasy successions, no strange camera edges or embellishments what's more Fonda and Cobb, no genuine stars. The film is shot continuously and 95% of the film was shot in a solitary room. On the off chance that this content was appeared to any settled entertainer today, the film would be turned down.â On paper, the film simply doesn't work however when put on the big screen and with the exhibitions of the on-screen characters and the manner by which the message is depicted to the crowd, it would do anything besides fall flat. The film additionally works since ageism, sexism and bigotry are progressing issues in America today. A lot of progress has been driven since 12 Crazy Men was created more than 50 years back. What's more, with Barrack Obama declaring his office for President simply a week ago to a demigod welcome, it assists with indicating how much advancement has been made. In any case, with despise wrongdoings happening the nation over individuals despite everything passing judgment on others basically by the way that they look, talk or act, 12 Angry Men despite everything talks about a subject that a contemporary crowd can even now acknowledge and could gain from. This is the trial of any extraordinary film: Will it stand the trial of time? 12 Angry Men does as such for such a significant number of reasons and that is the reason the film works. The partialities associated with the film not just have to do with the accuser’s race yet in addition his age and his experience. In many legal disputes, the past of the denounced isn't permitted in court as it is viewed as being partiality towards the charged. In the film, the blamed had a considerable rundown for savage and peaceful violations since he was ten. A considerable lot of the legal hearers consider this to be evidence enough with regards to the blame of the denounced. In any case, Henry Fonda’s character, Juror #9 takes a progressively illuminated perspective on the circumstance by saying that this criminal past has more to do with the condition that the kid experienced childhood in and less to do with the sort of individual that he is. For the 1950’s, this belief system is before its time and is in opposition to the mainstream rationale of the day which endorsed to the thought than â€Å"once a terrible seed, consistently an awful seed† and that multiple occasions, an awful notoriety was difficult to eradicate. â€Å"The youthful age of the charged additionally assumes a significant job as legal hearer #3, the last and most vocal champion against the quittance of the denounced sees the issues with his own child reflected in the difficulties that the blamed had with his own father.† (Weiler, B1) All three elements lead into the possibility that by far most of individuals are unequipped for being absolutely fair all alone yet except if they perceive their preferences and put forth explicit attempts to defeat these obstructions, the sick brain will consistently keep the victim from being fair-minded. Henry Fonda’s character most likely has his preferences and at once in the film, was happy to submit to the dominant part will of the individuals and decision in favor of the blame of the charged on the off chance that he were made to remain solitary any more. Fonda’s character had the option to perceive any unbiasedness that he may have and was fruitful in battling its negative impacts inside the jury room. He paid attention to his metro obligation very and it was to the advantage of the denounced as well as for everybody in that room also that he do that.â This is the most remarkable message in the film as it identifies with not just perceiving one’s biases and battling its negative impacts however more significantly, being happy to face the dominant part is who is reluctant to do likewise. Being compelled to tune in to six days of declaration while simultaneously being paid just three dollars per day for their administrations, it is anything but difficult to perceive how a few or the vast majority of the members of the jury toward the start of thoughts, appeared to be emotionless towards the extraordinary duty they need to give the charged their full focus while choosing his blame or blamelessness. This is the situation for various members of the jury; explicitly hearer #7 who is distracted with making the Yankee/Indians game soon thereafter. (Lumet, 1957) He feels hurried by the procedures and wants speedy thoughts followed by a consistent liable vote. He feels that the blamed is blameworthy yet in all probability would have casted a ballot the method of the greater part if that implied that he could have gone to the game, returned home or simply been anyplace other than in the court for any extra length of time.â He doesn't see and can't be emotionally reminded about the magnificent force he needs to either kill a man or to liberate him. The issue of the blame or honesty of the denounced ought to be vital in his psyche however tragically, it isn't. The insightful analysis of the film happened more at the hour of its discharge than today. It received A

Public policy 1000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Open arrangement 1000 - Essay Example nterest in the general population. Besides, productivity is likewise viewed as a factor that looks to set up the suitability in usage of assets in accomplishment of strategy destinations and execution. Consistency of the instrument is viewed as a factor concentrating on level of arrangement in wording destinations, procedures of the administration, authoritative, sacred and administrative organization. The other factor is intelligent of the strategy instrument, which centers around the estimations of the general public and network, for example, freedom, haven, classification and commonness. Every one of these variables are centered around issues that reverberate around picking successful instruments. In any case, concentrate in the process that includes usage of different approaches has prompted the interests of breaking down the significance of instruments and appraisal of successful that is built up. There are circumstance when lacks of different devices requires determination of n ew instruments; hence, this prompts sober minded goal of taking option in contrast to regular instruments or structuring meta-instruments. Indeed, this empowers and encourages coordination of traditional instruments (Bernelmans-Videc, Rist and Vedung, 1998, 34). In any case, instrumentation is huge method of reflection, given that it creates its belongings; along these lines, it involves a gadget, which is specialized and social. Also, it is viewed as a specific type of organization, which specialized gadget with points of undertaking solid ideas of connection among legislative issues and society, which should be continued. Use of idea in picking arrangement instruments offers a premise of centering past functionalist draws near, in this manner seeing open strategy from the element of these instruments, which structures strategies. Besides, this strategy for determination is a substitution of the traditional methodology through arrangement substance dependent on evaluation and inves tigation structure the observation towards these instruments. Then again, this spotlights on deconstruction by means of instruments with an emphasis on understanding the instrumentation approach that grants tending to of measurements of open strategy, which may be undetectable. Furthermore, comprehension of approach instrumentation requires a center surveying sets of issues, which require decision and pertinence of certain type of arrangement instruments (Hood, Rothstein and Baldwin, 2001, 89). Along these lines, this empowers the administration to make approaches that are utilitarian and material. Decisions of arrangement instruments center around advancement, which is related with a period that has high enthusiasm on popular government; indeed, this point of view is viewed as dependent on thoughts of political gracefully. In this manner, foundation of strategy instrument offers a method of uncovering a wise unrest in the importance of arrangement through subjective and regulating system. Along these lines, this requires a need to concentrate on noticeable quality institutional explanations behind deterrents dependent on the adjustment and propensities

Word of the Week! Subfusc Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Subfusc Richmond Writing Once again, Dr. Ted Bunn, UR Department of Physics, nominated our word. This time he picked one that was completely new to me. As Dr. Bunn put it in an e-mail: It can just mean gloomy, apparently, but it can also mean the formal clothing worn for examinations and formal occasions at some universities. In Dorothy Sayers’s novel set at Oxford, she uses it to describe clothing in dark, subdued shades, suitable for wearing under academic regalia. I always think of it on graduation day. Only one of my American dictionaries has a brief entry, supporting Professor Bunns conclusion that the word is British English, not its American cousin. The OED Online provides both senses of the word given above, as an adjective or noun. The Latin roots are plain, sub + fuscus (dusky). We have a similar derivation in obfuscate and obfuscation. As recently at 2006, the Times of London noted that Undergraduates at Oxford University have voted by four to one to retain subfusc costume when sitting examinations. They voted again to retain it in 2015.   There are other specificities for subfusc at Oxford. As I learned from this article about the differences between it and Cambridge, subfusc means a kind of uniform of a black suit, white shirt and black robe, plus a black tie for men and a black ribbon for women. The customs surrounded academic regalia have crossed the Atlantic far better than the word itself or, for that matter, the often subfusc weather of the British Isles. While I cannot find meteorological examples of the word, it certainly works in that context. The image of a subfusc sky with the light just returning is my own, taken at twilight in Kenmare, Ireland in 2011.   The academic regalia of Oxford comes to us courtesy of Wikipedia. This blog will continue all summer, so nominate a word by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Words of the Week  here.

The Link Between Indian And Global Scenario - 2352 Words

THE LINK; INDIAN AND GLOBAL SCENARIO The roots of Indian law on Competition can be traced back to Articles 38 and 39 of the Constitution which lay down the duty of the State to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order in which social, political and economic justice is prevalent and its further duty to distribute the ownership and control of material resources of the community to best serve the common good, in addition to ensuring that the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth. In October 1999, the government appointed a High Level Committee on Competition Policy and Competition Law to draft the new Competition Law, which was submitted in November 2000. The resultant Competition Act, 2002, came into force few months before the expiry of the TRIPS compliance period for India. It can therefore be seen as India’s fulfilment of its TRIPS obligations. Under Section 3, the Competition Commission is required to look into agreements which are anticompetitive in nature and those found to be anticompetitive are declared void. The Competition Act incorporates an exception for Intellectual Property Rights under Section 3(5) based on the rationale that Intellectual Property Rights deserve to be preserved since a failure to do so would disturb the all-important incentive for innovation. However, it does draw the line inasmuch as it does not permit unreasonable conditions to be passed off under the guise of protectingShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Planning : A Successful Indian Multinational Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Literature Review: How can the term ‘Human Resource planning’ be linked to best work practices in a successful Indian Multinational? Introduction The present research question examines how the practice of Human Resource planning is counted as one the best practices in a successful Multinational. The industry is highly competitive. The scarcity of qualifies managers has become a major constraint on the speedRead MoreThe Decolonization Process After The Second World War1695 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess after the Second World War resulted in the end of British hegemony in the Indian Ocean. The subsequent Cold War which ensued was again marked by superpower rivalry in the region, enhancing the region’s global strategic value. When this period came to an end, the littoral countries of the IOR to a certain extent rediscovered some of the economic, social and cultural facets that made the ocean the bridge between Africa, Asia and Australia . However, regional cooperation coordination is stillRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching ( Clt ) Essay772 Words   |  4 Pagesany teaching ideology that helps students develop their communicative competence in a more realistic framework is an acceptable and beneficial form of instruction. 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It may be noted that other trading blocs like European Union, North Atlantic Free Trade AreaRead MoreThe Most Important Lessons For Military Leaders Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom national policy. The 2015 NMS identifies three National Military Objectives with an integrated approach: â€Å"to deter, deny, and defeat state adversaries; to disrupt, degrade, and defeat Violent Extremist Organizations (VEOs); and to strengthen our global network of allies and partners.† The most important lessons for military leaders for achieving these three military objectives are: how to adhere and adjust the right cause in the realm of Just War Theory before going to war; prepare for the fullRead MoreGeo Political Potential of Bangladesh in Context of South Asia1488 Words   |  6 PagesAsia *.South Asia is Surrounded by Middle east, Easternasia ,Centralasia Southeasternasia,Indian Ocean and the Himalayas ,is composed 8 countries (Bangladesh , India, Nepal , Bhutan , Pakistan, Sri Lanka , Maldives and Afghanistan) . 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But Indias ability to tap and nurture the competitiveness would depend on how well education is institutionalized. Education has become Indias â€Å"super infrastructure. When the whole world was deep asleep in darkness of ignorance Indians were busy discovering new things. Even today India has largest number of graduates in the world. In the nearly 50 years since independence, India has built a university education sys tem which is second in size only to that of the U.S., with 200 universitiesRead MoreThe PEST Analysis1782 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopments, events that will improve or hinder the growth of the firms and also it attempts to reduce the gap between present and future aspirations of the firm. 1. POLITICAL-LEGAL FACTORS: ïÆ'Ëœ Government policy and budget Performance of banking sector is affected by legislature and framing policies by the government. Banking activities are significantly affected by budget proposal. The dynamics of Indian Banking sector are drastically changed with securitization act. The Securitization Act has given moreRead MoreIncreased Risk Of Invasion : A Large Crop Canopy And Denser Foliage1419 Words   |  6 Pagesdelayed with an increase in temperature, extending the period of activity of pests. On the other hand, the increase in temperature may reduce the activity of some peat in summer. Natural enemy- pest Interaction: Amongst insects there is a distinction between the specialists and generalists, and their response to changing climatic conditions may be different. Generalist species have good dispersal capabilities and are best suited to tracking the changing climate, migrating with climatic shifts and taking

Euthanasia Is Not A Bad Thing - 2331 Words

Austin 1 Precis Taylor Austin, in her term paper â€Å"Euthanasia† argues euthanasia can save many people from suffering, but it also shouldn t be taken advantage of. Austin supports her argument by explaining that euthanasia isn’t a bad thing and people should have the right to choose what they do with their lives. The authors purpose is to inform the reader in order to/so that euthanasia isn’t a bad thing it could help many people but there should still be restrictions. The author write in a formal tone for the American Studies English teachers at Granite Hills High School. Introduction Five years ago, Joe was a retired landscaper and a loving father and grandpa. Joe was a very active man only wanting the best for himself. Everyday he would wake up make himself a healthy breakfast, go on a walk and take his grandchildren to school. He never ever thought of anything in a negative way everything was always seen positively. Every time you would see him he would have the biggest smile on his face but one day Joe took a visit to the doctors and things weren’t looking so good. Joe had been diagnosed with stage five esophageal cancer that had spread to the lining and his colon, the doctor told him it was too late to save him. Joe spent the rest of his life in and out of the hospital. It was a rough time for his kids Laura and Gabe now because they both worked full time and had to change their schedules to get their kids to school and to make time to see their father in theShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Pros and Cons of Euthanasia1086 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia , good or bad? In this following article I will be exploring euthanasia in more detail, the different Christian points of view, the strengths and weaknesses of the euthanasia argument and finally my point of view on euthanasia and why I believe this. First of all, what is euthanasia? 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Enzymes Lab Report Free Essays

string(25) " added to all the tubes\." Introductory Biology 1 Biology 1003 Fall Term 2011 Lab Number: 3 Title: Cell Energetics: Enzyme Role in Biological Reactions Name: Brandon Moore Student Number: 100819124 Lab day and time: Wednesday pm Date: Wednesday November 23, 2011 Introduction Enzymes are a key aspect in our everyday life and are a key to sustaining life. They are biological catalysts that help speed up the rate of reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions (Biology Department, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Enzymes: Lab Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now In chemical reactions bonds must be broken and new bonds must be formed. In order for this to occur the bonds must be made less stable. For bonds to become less stable a small input of energy is required and this is called the activation energy. In simpler terms, in order for a reaction to begin and proceed spontaneously a small input energy is required to give the reaction a push and get it started (Cooper, 2000). As said before catalysts are chemical agents used to speed up the rates of reactions. The biological catalyst is a group of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy and making it easier for the eactants to obtain the necessary energy to break the kinetic barrier. Even though enzymes speed up the rate of reaction, they do not change the free energy of the reactants and the products (Russel et al. , 2010). Enzymes work by combining with reacting molecules at the active site. Each enzyme is specific to only one kind of molecule and can only bind to its specific molecule. The active site is a groove in the enzyme wher e the molecule will bind to; this is formed by the enzyme folding into a specific shape. When the enzyme is done and the molecules are then in the transitional state, which means the bonds are unstable and ready to be broken, the enzyme remains unchanged and can continue to bind to other molecules (Russel et al. , 2010). Enzymes induce the transition state by three major mechanisms. The first is by bringing the reacting molecules together. The reactants bind in the active site of the enzyme in the right orientation for catalysis to occur. The second mechanism works by the enzyme exposing the reactant molecule to altered charge environments. The third mechanism is by changing the shape of a substrate molecule (Russel et al. , 2010). The conditions being studied on how they affect enzyme activity are: concentration, ph, and temperature. As the concentration of enzymes increases the rate at which products are formed also increases. It is also true as the concentration of the substrate increases the rate of the reaction will also increase until the enzymes reach their maximum rate at which they can combine with the substrates. Each enzyme has a best possible pH where it works at its best. Anything that changes on either side of the optimum pH will decrease the rate of the reaction. Finally as temperature raises so does the rate of the reaction but only to a certain point. As the temperature raises the frequency and strength of collisions will increase, however if the temperature rises too high the hydrogen bonds of the enzyme break and it unfolds making it unable to accept any molecules due to its active site being destroyed. To observe the effects of these three conditions on enzyme activity spectrophotometry is used. A spectrophotometer works by measuring the amount of light a compound in solution absorbs. As the concentration of the solution increases more light is absorbed (Biology Department, 2011). The purpose of this experiment is to test and observe the effects of concentration, pH, and temperature on enzyme activity. Methods In part I of the lab obtain six small glass tubes in a test tube rack. After the six small tubes are obtained, add fifteen drops of distilled water to tube 1, ten drops to tube 2 and 3, five drops to tube 4, and no drops to tubes 5 and 6. Once distilled water is added five drops of the substrate solution were then added to tube 2, 4 and 6. There were no drops of substrate solution added to tubes 1 and 3, and ten drops were added to tube 6. After the substrate solution was added, five drops of the enzyme were quickly placed in tubes 3, 4 and 5. There were no drops of enzyme added in tubes 1 and 2 and in tube 6 ten drops were added. Once the enzyme solution has been added the tubes were then left to incubate for ten minutes and after five drops of DNSA solution were added to tubes 1 to 6. The tubes were then placed in a hot block at 80-90oC for five minutes. They were then taken out after the five minute period and using a 5 ml pipette, 5 ml of distilled water were added to the 6 tubes and mixed by inversion. Once everything was complete the 6 tubes were then taken to the Milton Roy Company Spectronic 21 and the absorbance of each tube was tested. In part II of the lab six small glass tubes were obtained in a test tube rack. Ten drops of distilled water were then added to test tube 1, five drops to tubes 2-4, and no drops in tubes 5 and 6. Five drops of 0. 1M HCl were added to test tube 5 and five drops of 0. 1M NaOH to test tube 6. Five drops of enzyme were then added to all tubes except tube 1. Tube 3 was then placed in the ice bucket and tube 4 was placed in the hot bucket at 80-900C for five minutes, the remaining tubes were left in the test tube rack. After the five minutes five drops of 1% starch was added to every tube and left to sit for ten minutes. After ten minutes five drops of DNSA were then added to all the tubes. You read "Enzymes: Lab Report" in category "Papers" All the tubes were then taken and placed in the hot bucket at 80-900C and left to incubate for five minutes. After the five minutes, take a 5 ml pipette and add 3 ml of distilled water to each tube and mix with inversion. Once everything is complete the tubes were then taken to the Milton Roy Company Spectronic 21 and the absorbance of each tube was tested. Results In part I tubes 1-3 had a very low absorbance. In tube 4 when the enzyme and substrate were present the absorbance increased substantially from below 0. 1 to a mean of 0. 53. When two times the amount of substrate was added in tube 5 the absorbance increased again from a mean of 0. 53 to 0. 57. Finally when two times the amount of enzymes was added the absorbance increased a final time from 0. 57 to 0. 63. Table 1. The effects of different concentrations on the absorbance of solutions Lab Group |Tube 1 Abs. |Tube 2 Abs. |Tube 3 Abs. |Tube 4 Abs. |Tube 5 Abs. |Tube 6 Abs. | |Our Group |0 |0. 05 |0. 09 |0. 55 |0. 68 |0. 66 | |Group 2 |0 |0 |0 |0. 61 |0. 725 |0. 75 | |Group 3 |0. 01 |0. 02 |0. 01 |0. 42 |0. 3 |0. 49 | |Mean |0. 0033 |0. 023 |0. 33 |0. 53 |0. 57 |0. 63 | |SD |0. 0058 |0. 025 |0. 049 |0. 097 |0. 23 |0. 13 | |SE |0. 0033 |0. 015 |0. 029 |0. 056 |0. 14 |0. 076 | Tube 1 was the control and recorded a low absorbance of approximately 0. 01. Tube 2 contained the enzyme and substrate and the absorbance rose to a mean of 0. 54. When tube three was heated and tube 4 was cooled the absorbance ecreased to 0. 32 and 0. 38. Finally solution of 0. 1M HCl was added to tube 5 and the absorbance decreased to 0. 0025, and solution of 0. 1M NaOH was added to tube 6 and the absorbance decreased to 0. 13. Table 2. The effects of pH and temperature on the absorbance of different solutions |Lab Group |Tube 1 Abs. |Tube 2 Abs. |Tube 3 Abs. |Tube 4 Abs. |Tube 5 Abs. |Tube 6 Abs. | |Our Group |0 |0. 63 |0. 39 |0 |0 |0. 4 | |Group 2 |0 |0. 15 |0. 9 |0 |0 |0. 01 | |Group 3 |0. 05 |0. 85 |0. 49 |0. 11 |0. 01 |0. 08 | |Group 4 |0 |0. 54 |0. 31 |0. 04 |0 |0. 03 | |Mean |0. 013 |0. 54 |0. 32 |0. 038 |0. 0025 |0. 13 | |SD |0. 025 |0. 29 |0. 17 |0. 52 |0. 005 |0. 18 | |SE |0. 013 |0. 15 |0. 085 |0. 026 |0. 0025 |0. 091 | Discussion Enzymes are biological catalysts that reduce the activation energy in order to increase the rate of the reaction. Increases in concentration increase the rate of the reaction, change in pH from the optimum will decrease the rate of a reaction, and increasing temperature will also increase the rate of reaction until a certain point is reached (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). Part I of the lab focused on the effects of concentration on pH. When we look at table I we can see that tubes 1-3 had very low absorbances. Tube 1 was the control that contained only water and no reaction occurred. In tube 2 the enzyme was not present which meant that the reaction occurred spontaneously without any help, thus a low absorbance. Tube 3 contained the enzyme but lacked the substrate, which meant nothing was bonding to the active sites and reaction could not occur. In tube 4 both substrate and enzyme were present and the absorbance rose greatly from approximately 0 to a mean of around 0. 3. This perfectly demonstrates that with the addition of an enzyme the product concentration increases and so does the rate of reaction. To tube 5, two times the amount of substrate was added and absorbance increased again to a mean of 0. 57. This shows that more substrate was present and readily available to bind to the active sites. Last was tube 6 which contained two times the amount of enzyme and again the absorbance rose to approximately 0. 63. The increase of enzymes allowed for more active sites to be readily available to bind to the molecules (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). When viewing the data obtained and comparing it to what is known about concentration effects on enzyme activity it can be accurately concluded that the data obtained is fairly accurate. As the enzyme concentration is kept the same and the substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction will also increase. This makes sense since now there are more molecules of substrate available to bond to the active sites. Increasing concentration will only increase the rate of reaction until a certain point is met. This point occurs when too much substrate is added and all available enzymes are already working. When this occurs the concentration increase no longer has an effect on the reaction rate. This is also true with the increase in concentration of the enzyme. The more enzymes there are the more active sites available to bond to the molecules. The increase in enzyme concentration will also increase the rate of reaction. This concludes effectively that the data obtained effectively demonstrates the effects of concentration on the rates of reactions (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). Part II of the lab focused on the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity. When viewing table II it can be seen that tube 1 had a very low absorbance, due to it being the control and not containing any substrate or enzyme. Tube 2 contained the substrate and enzyme and thus the absorbance increased greatly to a mean of 0. 54. When looking at the changes of pH in tubes 5 and 6 the absorbance decreased for both to 0. 003 and 0. 1. The optimum pH is around 7 and with this the reaction rate is at its best. As stated before any change in pH away from the optimum will decrease the rate of reaction. HCl has a lower pH than 7 and is below optimum, which means that it will have more unstable charges and the absorbance will lower, which is what was seen in tube 5. The same happens for NaOH, which is on the other side of the pH spectrum and above the optimum pH of 7 as seen in tube 6. From this it can be concluded that any change in pH away from the optimum will cause an unbalance in charges and cause the reaction rate to decrease (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). The second part of part II involves the effects of temperature. When looking at tube 3 that was placed in the ice bucket the reaction rate decreased from tube 2 with mean absorbance of 0. 54 to a mean of 0. 32. A decrease in temperature will slow down the activity of the substrate and enzymes and will reduce the speed and amount of collisions occurring. With less collisions occurring the reaction rate will then decrease. Tube 4 was placed in heat and the absorbance dropped as well to a mean of 0. 38. Stated before it was said that an increase in temperature would cause the speed and number of collisions to increase. This would then increase the rate of the reaction. However, an increase in heat will only increase the rate of reaction until a certain temperature is reached. This temperature is approximately between 40-50OC. Tube 4 was placed in temperatures ranging from 80-90OC, which is much higher than the max of 40-50. When this max is surpassed the hydrogen bonds will begin to break and the enzymes will unfold. When the enzyme unfolds the active site will then be destroyed and become deformed and no longer usable. When this happens the enzymes stop functioning and the reaction rate will decrease, which is what was seen (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 972). The living cell is a site for activity known as metabolism. This can include the build-up or repair of tissues, turning food into energy, getting rid of waste products, and all the activities of life. Many of these processes do not occur spontaneously and this is why enzymes are needed. Without enzymes life itself would not be possible (Cooper. 2000). It can be concluded that concentr ation, pH, and temperature have great effects on enzyme activity. The increase in concentration of substrates increases the reaction rate until the point where all enzymes are being used. The increases in enzyme concentration will increase the rate of reaction. Any change in pH away from the optimum will cause an unbalance in charges and will lower the reaction rate (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). Finally the increase in temperature will increase the reaction rate until around 40-50OC when hydrogen bonds begin to break (Russel et al,. 2010). By understanding more about enzyme catalysts advances in medicine and life sciences are able to occur and help us understand more about life itself. References: Russell, P. J. , S. L. Wolfe, P. E. Hertz, C. Starr, M. B. Fenton, H. Addy, D. Maxwell, T. Haffie, and K. Davey. 2010. Biology: Exploring the Diversity of life, first Canadian edition. Nelson Education Ltd. , Toronto. Biology Department. 2011. Introductory Biology: BIOL 1003 Lab Manual. Carleton University Press, Ottawa. Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972. Introduction to Enzymes. http://www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/effectspH. html. November 22, 2011. Geoffrey M Cooper. 2000. The Cell: A Molecular Approach, Second Edition. Sinauer Associates Inc, Boston University. How to cite Enzymes: Lab Report, Papers

Implement and Monitor WHS Policies - Procedures and Programs to meet Le

Questions: 1. Describe the context of the incident/hazard (i.e. what were you doing at the time?) 2. Describe what occurred in the incident/hazard identification (i.e. what happened?) 3. Describe how you responded (i.e. what did you do?) 4. What do you think contributed to this incident/hazard? 5. What do you recommend to avoid/minimise the likelihood of the incident/hazard happening again? Answers: Maintaining work health and safety is considered to be one of the most important duties of an employer or an individual conducting a business or undertaking. One of the primary objectives is to ensure and impart a duty of care towards the workers and employees of the organization (Safe Work Australia 2016). Duties of care in relation to some of the important elements are as follows: Management of Hazards Duties related to management of hazards are as follows: Identification of the risks arising out of hazards Evaluating the nature and extent of harm that can be caused by the identified hazard and the risk thereof Prescribing standards in relation to any biological, chemical, physical and psychological hazards Development and implementation of policies and procedures for management of hazards (www.uws.edu.au 2016) Take preventive measures Take safety precautions Putting in place medical facilities for initial treatment of hazards caused to workers and employees Implementing an effective return to work framework Compensations for hazards caused to workers at workplace Establishing Consultation and Representative Committees An organisation should undertake an effective consultation process with the workers and the employees in order to communicate the problems related to workplace safety. The related duties are as follows: Undertaking effective steps to communicate the policies and procedures adopted by the organisation in this regard Hold meetings in order to explain the pros and cons of the preventive measures adopted Conduct trainings so that coordination and co-operation of the other employees can be obtained (tabmaonline.com.au 2016). Trainings are also necessary in order to make people aware of things to do in situations of crisis Appointment of WHS representatives delegated with the responsibilities of communication and spreading awareness Constituting committees responsible for investigating matters related to hazards and dispute resolution Putting in place a compensation committee for providing compensations to workers affected by hazards Providing Information and Training As mentioned earlier, an organisation has the responsibility to communicate and disseminate information related to the policies and procedures adopted by the company to its workers and employees. The duties in relation to this are as follows: Holding of group meetings Consulting with the workers about their work environment and the risks associated with it Making information readily accessible to the workforce (Australianbusiness.com.au 2016) Emphasizing on the gravity and necessity of the preventive measures Organising and imparting trainings to the workforce in this regard Appointment of safety officers and first-aid officers Alignment of training needs with the objectives of the organisation (Safe Work Australia 2016) Effective supervision of the training programs Maintenance and Confidentiality of Records of Occupational Injury and Disease There are a number of stipulations under WHS regulation with respect to the WHS policies and procedures adopted within an organisation. One such requirement is maintaining records for occupational injury and diseases (Safeworkaustralia.gov.au 2016). The duties under this are as follows: Maintaining first aid and medical records of the workgroup Maintaining records of hazardous substances used Information about the manufacturer and supplier of goods used A list of the dangerous goods used in the organisation Testing and maintenance reports of plant and machinery WHS audit Maintaining confidentiality about the medical records related to injuries faced by the workgroup. (1). WHS/OHS Webpage Contents The company is directed towards providing a safe and secure working environment to its workers and employees. With this intent, the organisation is dedicated to cater to the needs of its human resource and ensure sustainability in the long run (Safe Work Australia 2016). It is the belief of this organisation that workplace health and safety is the responsibility of the management and is a contributing factor to the success of the business enterprise. We care about our employees and promote welfare and safety of our employees at all levels. Policies A brief outline of the WHS policy is as follows: Ensure a suitable and safe working environment for its employees Health and safety of the employees will always be a priority to the organisation over other objectives Managers are to be held accountable for promoting and maintaining a safe working environment for their teams (Safeworkaustralia.gov.au 2016) Adoption of WHS rules and regulations and work according to the stipulated legislative standards Effective dispute resolution and disposal of hazard related matters Prompt services to be rendered by security officers and first-aid officers Effective injury management by implementing efficient return to Work Programme Formation of committees Consultation and training of the workgroup directed towards promoting a safe work environment (Safeworkaustralia.gov.au 2016) Implementing an effective risk management mechanism that will require participation from all corners of the organisation Procedures WHS procedures adopted and implemented within the organisation relates to the following: Communication of information related to the policies adopted by the organisation WHS training of the work group Hazard identification and risk management Procedures related to maintaining WHS records of the work force Procedures related to safety management (Sydney.edu.au 2016) Detailed controlling measures People required to take action and other necessary measures with reference to matters related to occurrence of hazards Maintaining of WHS standards that have been implemented within the organisation Details of the policies and procedures adopted and implemented within the organisation can be accessed from the website of the organisation under the tab About Us. The webpage also contains important links of applicable WHS rules and regulations approved by the Commonwealth (Safe Work Australia 2016). WHS Knowledge and Responsibilities PCBUs, Managers, Representatives and Non-Employees The WHS responsibilities have been shared among the PCBU, the Manager and other WHS Representatives so that WHS policy objectives can be achieved. These responsibilities include the following: Compliance of the applicable rules and regulations related to WHS prevailing in the country Development of policies and procedures that are required to be implemented within the organisation (Workplaceohs.com.au 2016) Communication of the policies and effective information sharing with the work group Development of standards related to WHS Consultation agreements with the employees and other groups of the workforce Imparting effective training for prevention and handling of hazards Forming committees and delegating it the responsibilities of hazard identification and risk management Maintaining records Reporting of material cases to the authorities Supervisory responsibilities Evaluation of policies and procedures at regular intervals Responsibilities of Employees Employees are required to impart the following responsibilities: The employees are required work safely to protect themselves and others from injury Use of protective equipments whenever and wherever required for work purposes Follow the procedures stipulated by the organisation Optimum utilisation of resources and avoid any misuses of the same (business-sa.com 2016) Employees should not behave in a manner detrimental to themselves, others and to the organisation Identify risks and report them to the managers Provide assistance to others whenever required. (2). Email Sub: Importance of Effective Consultation in Managing Health and Safety Risks Dear Mr. A, The primary aim of this mail is to reiterate the importance of effective consultation procedure in managing health and safety risks and present to you a proper understanding of its significance. Our organisation is composed of a wide variety of people belonging to different backgrounds and segments of the society. These groups have a different set of mind along with a separate understanding of the importance of work place health, safety and security. It is our responsibility to communicate and explain to them its significance and the policies adopted by the organisation in this regard (Safe Work Australia 2016). It is also very necessary to communicate to them the applicable procedures adopted by the organisation so that they are able to follow those as and when required. All these objectives can only be achieved by resorting to effective consultation with the work force. Regular and repetitive sessions will tend to help them to have a better understanding of health and safety at work place. Active employee participation will also motivate them to think about changing the working environment. Some of the procedural steps for consulting with the workers are as follows: Identify the work group with whom consultation is to be done (manual labours) Send a communiqu stipulating date, time and venue of the consultation Hold the meeting Identify the types of risks they may face Communicating the risk control measures to be taken whenever required Establish standards to be adopted (gov.au. 2016) Delegate responsibilities as deemed fit to achieve the organisational objectives Conclude The above steps prove to be beneficial to both the labours and the organisation at large. The consultation process can be held after working hours are over just before the weekend. The day before the weekend will be ideal as the workers will be relaxed and it will be easy to communicate with them. Your sincere efforts are required to make this consultation process successful to its fullest extent. You may get back to me for any further queries or information. Thanking you. Regards, Mr. Z (WHS Manager) (3). Steps that are required to be taken for resolving the given issue in hand are as follows: Hold a meeting with the concerned staff member and listen to him in a proper manner Get the details of the doctor and consult about the given situation Hold another consultation with the work team (gov.au. 2016) Prepare a detailed report about the case and submit it to the WHS Committee Evaluation of the medical report by the committee Granting of a proper leave as required by the staff member Timeline for Action This can be represented with the help of a Gantt chart. Particulars Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Convening and Holding Meeting Consultation with the Doctor Consultation with the WHS Committee Preparation and Submission of Detailed Report Taking Effective Decision (4). Part A: Personal details of reporter (if different to subject of incident) Given name: Mr. B Store/office location: Office kitchen Employee number: 1234 Family name: Jones Position title: WHS Representative Contact number: 12345678 DOB: 29/08/1985 Gender: Male Part B: Personal details of subject of incident Given name: Mr. C DOB: 09/11/1980 Customer/visitor/staff member/contractor: Staff Member Family name: Miles Gender: Male Contact number: 12345678 Has your manager/WHS representative been notified of this incident/hazard? Y/N Yes Date of notification: 15/05/2016 Name: Mr. B Contact no.: 12345678 Part C: Details of incident/hazard Type of incident/hazard (please specify): Injury/illness Act of violence Incident/near miss Hazard Property damage Theft Date incident occurred/hazard observed: 10/05/2016 Time: 2:30 pm Location of incident/hazard: Office Kitchen Describe the context of the incident/hazard (i.e. what were you doing at the time?): I was washing my dish after lunch at the sink when I was burnt myself on the side of the kettle, which was kept close to the sink. The space is really small and insufficient to accommodate all the necessary requirements. As a result, the accident occurred. Describe what occurred in the incident/hazard identification (i.e. what happened?): As mentioned above, I was washing my dish my dish after having lunch when I was burnt. It was assessed by the doctor as a second-degree burn. As the place is very small, the kettle was placed close to the sink. I was advised by the doctor to take rest for the rest of the week and provided a medical certificate for the same. However, when I informed the incident to my manager, he failed to understand the graveness of my physical condition and granted only a days leave. Describe how you responded (i.e. what did you do?): After the injury happened, I went to see a doctor and she assessed the injury to be a second-degree burn. She further said that it would take almost 10-21 days for me to heal. I was prescribed medication and was given a certificate by the doctor prescribing full rest for a week. I then reported the incident to my manager and informed about my present physical condition. What do you think contributed to this incident/hazard? The incident took place due to a sheer lack of space in the kitchen area. The area is too small to accommodate all the required facilities. As a result, the place is prone to frequent accidents. The injuries that result are severe and steps should be taken to prevent such incidents from taking place. What do you recommend to avoid/minimise the likelihood of the incident/hazard happening again? The kitchen area should be re-designed to increase its space or the arrangement for tea or coffee shall be made in a separate place. Part D: Were there additional witnesses to the incident/hazard? Y/N No Name: Contact no.: Employee/customer etc.: Name: Contact no.: Employee/customer etc.: Name: Contact no.: Employee/customer etc.: Part E: Signature of individual making this report Print name: Mr. C Miles Signature: Date: 31/05/2016 Contact no.: 12345678 Part F: Signature of manager/WHS representative receiving this report Print name: Mr. B Jones Signature: Date: 31/05/2016 Contact no.: 12345678 OFFICE USE ONLY (to be completed by manager/WHS representative) Immediate action taken: A separate meeting was held with Mr. C and all the required details were obtained. His doctor was consulted by us to get a better understanding of his physical condition. Date: 31/05/2016 Follow-up measure: Investigating the matter and making a detailed report for the WHS committee. Date: 31/05/2016 References Australianbusiness.com.au. (2016).Health and Safety Duties. Duties.pdf.aspx [Accessed 31 May 2016].Australianbusiness.com.au. Policies and Procedures Package. How to Manage Work Health and Safety Risks.

BillyBudd&The Symbolism Within essays

BillyBudd&The Symbolism Within essays In the book "Billy Budd", written by Herman Meville, there are many references to the bible. Billy Budd, the main character, is portrayed as a biblical figure that is caught in the real world of war and mutiny. There are also many other different types of symbolism throughout this book. The story starts out in the eighteenth century, on the H.M.S Rights-of-Man, a British naval ship. Billy Budd is pressured into service on a warship, the H.M.S. Bellipotent and here is where his life changes forever. Melville uses Biblical allusions in defining his characters. There are obvious symbolic references of Billy Budd as a Jesus figure, or as Adam in the Garden of Eden. But what role does Claggart play in this Biblical metaphor? Claggart is carefully described throughout the story as having a dark and sinister countenance. Physically, his face is pale and sickly, his hair black. He contrasts greatly with the rosy cheeks, and blonde hair of Billy Budd. Because of his pallid complexion, Claggart stays out of the sun most of the time. Therefore, he is often described as surrounded by darkness, and lurks in the shadows of the ship, much like a snake spends much time hiding under rocks. In addition, Claggart is responsible for the false accusations of Billy's involvement with the mutiny. In the Biblical allegory of this story, Claggart fits into the role of the serpent in the Garden of Eden, whose devious and evil spirit helps bring about the fall of Adam and Eve. In the Biblical story, the serpent convinces Eve to take the fruit that God has commanded her not to eat, promising that it will bring her God-like powers. Here, Claggart is similar to the serpent in his deceitfulness, telling Captain Vere that Billy Budd is implicated in the ship's mutiny. Billy actually attempted to subdue the attempts of a mutiny by refusing to accept the two gold pieces offered to him to take part. But the evil Claggart easily distorts even Billy...

Pablo Picasso Blue Period

Pablo Picasso Blue Period The Blue Period in the oeuvre of Pablo Picasso is defined as his paintings created in years 1901-1904. It is characterized by obvious domination of various forms of blue colors in paintings. Interestingly, at this point of his life he was definitely feeling blue.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Picasso: Blue Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The preceding year before the beginning of the Blue Period appeared to be shocking for the artist. Pablo Picasso’s best friend, Carlos Casagemas, committed a suicide. This event is considered to have led the artist to the period of melancholy and depression (Warncke, 201). Feeling frustrated and left alone, Pablo Picasso tries to express his emotions with the help of canvas and oil. He paints himself and other people with unhappy expressions; emptiness can be read on their faces. Pablo Picasso’s Blue Period can be defined as the transition of the artist from classical to abstract painting (Getlein,28). While creating the paintings, Pablo Picasso was very young (21-25). Therefore, some drawbacks in composition can be observed at the Blue Period. However, at his time, Pablo Picasso made a real revolution in the world of art with his works. Unusual, serious and grotesque, they form a special class of pictures which introduce the age of modern art. The Blue Period includes such works as Self portrait, Le gourmet, Blue Nude, La Celestina, Evocation, burial of Casagemas, Casagemas’ Death, Two sisters, the meeting, Life, Old Guitarist, Child with a Dove, Poor people on the seashore, Susanne Bloch, and others. Child with a dove â€Å"Child with a dove†, painted in 1901, is the painting which opens the Picasso’s series of the paintings of the Blue Period. Unlike the most of paintings of this period, it is very tender and mild.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A little girl holding a white dove on a playground looks very sad. The picture is still, yet the viewers expect the doe to fly away soon; that is why the subconscious dynamics is present in the work. The light blue and green pastel tones intensify the melancholic mood of the painting. However, the vivid black contours make the figures very contrastive. The brushstrokes can be seen; moreover, it is clear that preceding to the green phone Picasso used deep blue. Interestingly, starting from this painting the author started to sign his works as simply â€Å"Picasso†, with no initials (Raynal, 81). In this painting, the influence of such artists as Gauguin and Cezanne on Picasso’s style of painting can be noticed. The Absinthe Drinker â€Å"The absinthe drinker†, created in 1901, is a work which depicts the culture of Paris of that time. Absinthe, at that time a cheap infusion of weeds, was very spread among the youth. A man with a bottle of absinthe was a casual picture of 19th century (Gilot, 241). The Picasso’s character is very tragic; his posture and expression emphasize his loneliness. He is sitting with his drunken eyes staring in deep thoughts; he is hugging himself with one arm, which is a sign of emptiness, and supporting his chin with another hand. This hand is standing strictly vertical and is situated in the center of the composition, making the painting massive and rude. The palette is comparatively rich; the typical blue colors are combined with red, yet they still are cold. The texture of the painting is homogenious. The painting is now kept in Russia, at the Hermitage in St. Petersburg.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Picasso: Blue Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Self portrait The picture â€Å"Self portrait† was also created in 1901. Painted with oil, this work is very express ive. Pablo Picasso shows himself as a serious figure looking straight into the viewer’s eyes. He is holding his head close to his shoulders, which signals the depressed and insecure state. He is wearing black; the rest of the picture is presented in blue tones. Despite the motionless figure, the painting looks very expressive because of contrasted colors. The red lips prove the contrast with cold colors and intensify the emotionality of the painting. The contours are highlighted with thick black lines, which make the style similar to that of Picasso (Richardson, 162). The texture is homogeneous; the brushstrokes are slightly noticeable. The work was one of the objects on a famous Spanish exhibition called â€Å"From El Grego to Picasso†. At the moment the painting is exhibited at the Hotel Salà ©, currently the Musà ©e National Picasso in Paris. Evocation, burial of Casagemas Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After Pablo Picasso’s best friend’s suicide, the artist paints a set of pictures related to his death. One of them is â€Å"Evocation, burial of Casagemas†, created in 1901. This work is quite big: its original size is 150.5 x 90.5 cm. It depicts the death of Casagemas in two dimensions: one, people mourning his death on the Earth, and the other, people greeting him in Heaven, where Casagemas arrives on a white horse. Heaven take 2/3 of the picture and is painted with pale, cold blue and green with bright white stripes symbolizing clouds. These features signify that the artist gets closer to the cubist technique with its vivid forms and bright boundaries. The scene on Earth is painted in warm tones. The depicted people have no faces, but their postures are extremely expressive; they all show deploration. Noticeably, the Earth part is still, while the heaven part is very dynamic. What is more, the colors used are also very dynamic. In fact, the colors are â€Å" dirty†, which gives the feeling of massiveness. This painting greatly demonstrates how good Picasso was at organizing the composition with many people in a way that looks natural. Casagemas’ Death One of the most striking works of Picasso’s Blue Period is â€Å"Casagemas’ Death†. As it is known, Picasso’s best friend committed a suicide in a temple (Leal, 159). This fact could serve as a reason why the central object of the painting is a bright light of a candle. The rays of the candle enlighten the face of Casagemas. The cold colors of the dead body are contrasted with the hot light – a comparison of death and life. The still body is combined with the dynamic flame. The candle is the only vertical line on the painting, which makes it look like an axis of the picture. The grotesque brushstrokes make the painting even more convincing. The zoomed scale makes an impression of the real presence near the object; in addition, the falling ho rizon adds the pessimism to the already tragic plot. The texture is grained; the artist used a thick layer of the paint. All in all, the painting is very tragic and expressive. The painting is now kept in France, at the Musà ©e Picasso in Paris. Le gourmet The name of this picture, â€Å"Le gourmet†, is often translated as â€Å"The Greedy Child†. However, if translated from French this word actually means â€Å"gastronome†. Picasso shows a boy eating at a table. The dynamical character of the boy is supported by mosaic surrounding; however, even despite making some moves he stays motionless. In comparison with other works of the Blue Period, this work can be defined as the most aristocratic one. In contrast to death, prostitutes and alcoholics Picasso depicts a boy with perfect hair and manners (Cowling, 319). Furthermore, the boy’s figure is shown as small with the help of surrounding objects, which are big; even the plate is too wide for the boy†™s hands. This can be a sign of the character’s loneliness. The colors are pale blue, as in most of the pictures of the period; the warm stains are also present. This picture differs from others by the technique of painting: the brushstrokes are very shallow and vivid. This technique gives an impression of a crayon-painted picture. This picture also contains more details than others; therefore, the elements of classicism are obvious. At the moment the painting is together with some of the works of Picasso’s Blue Period in USA, at the National Gallery of Art in Washington. Blue Nude The picture â€Å"Blue Nude† was painted in 1902. It depicts a necked woman crying sitting with her back to the viewers. Her body and the background are painted identically; only the thick black lines show her shape. The author also uses pink tones in order to contrast between the body and the surrounding. In this picture Pablo Picasso tries to make the first steps to primitivism, showing the simplified shapes (Franck, 143). The colors are not presented separately; all the tones seem to be flowing out from each other. The setting is unclear, as the painted woman has no ground under her; however, she does not look like hanging in the air: her posture is obviously fixed. All in all, despite the vivid lines, the picture looks very integral. La Celestina â€Å"La celestina† was painted in 1903. On the picture there is a woman with slightly grayed hair. The composition is still. She sits in a posture, traditional for Picasso’s portraits: with her body turned 30% to the West and her head turned full face to the viewer. The woman is dressed strictly: she has a black headscarf on. However, her facial expression shows some foxy thoughts. Her eyes, one of which is blind, are staring right, her eyebrows slightly raised, and her lips mysteriously simpering. Thus, Picasso reveals the character of the woman: both the model and Celestina were procuresses (Jaf fe, 82). The dark tones are presented by homogeneous style of painting. The absence of the setting emphasizes the importance and expressiveness of the character. The painting is now kept together with the author’s self-portrait of the Blue Period, in Paris, the Musà ©e National Picasso. Two sisters, the meeting The picture â€Å"Two sisters, the meeting†, created in 1902 depicts two unhappy women standing together. The painter was inspired for this work by his visit to the Paris prison of St. Lazare. The interesting detail about that prison was that it was guarded by nuns. Therefore, the women on the picture are probably nuns or a nun and a prisoner (Gilot, 328). The both characters are still. This work shows Pablo Picasso’s cubist preferences. The work is very contrastive, the semi-shadows are often omitted, the shapes are clean-cut. Some state that the simplified shapes, especially the way of painting the faces, points to the Christian motives (Warncke, 134) . The tones vary from light blue to dark violet. The typical distinct counters are less noticeable than in other works of the period. The curl of the arch on the left repeats the form of the sisters’ heads bend to each other, and the shadow on the right continues this pattern. The barefooted women with their heads covered remind the Discalced Carmelite Nuns. Nowadays the painting is in Russia; specifically, in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. The old guitarist â€Å"The old guitarist†, created in 1903, is one of the â€Å"mildest† works of Pablo Picasso’s Blue Period referring to the technique. A homeless man, probably drunk, playing his guitar is shown in the picture. The simple forms are yet detailed; the muscles and tendons are clear. The typical pale blue tones are combined with a warm stain (guitar) and bright white strokes, just like in most of the described paintings. The composition is still; only the guitarist’s hands are supposed to expres s dynamics, but in fact they are also relaxed. The three horizontal lines (the man’s head, hand and legs) are connected by the vertical one (the guitar). At the moment the work is situated at the Art Institute of Chicago in USA. Life The painting â€Å"Life† is another work where Picasso originally situates many figures. The author depicts Casagemas with his lover, and a mother with a child near them. The picture also refers to the set of Casagemas’ portraits. The triple dimension includes the three front characters, one person at the background and also two people painted on a picture behind the front characters. All the figures are motionless; only the couple on the left compensates the still composition. None of the characters meet with their eyes; this also adds some dynamics to the painting. The colors change from light blue on the top to brownish green on the bottom. The bright white stains highlight the front space and serve as a frame for the background . In this picture, author uses as much contrast as it was possible. One of the most obvious is the contrast between the necked couple and a woman in the fabric. Interestingly, the painting shows the alive friend of the author, surrounded by the closest people, which shows the deep feeling of respect that Picasso had to Casagemas. At the moment the work is in USA, The Cleveland Museum of Art. Poor people on the seashore The painting â€Å"Poor people on the seashore† depicts a family of three, a mother, a father and a son. Another name for the painting is â€Å"The tragedy†. The painting refers to the period when Picasso was concentrated on the general message more than on composition. Thus, the composition is rather inconsistent: the woman is still, but the man with the boy is moving in some direction; but their route seems to include hitting the woman. The characters are painted with violet; for the background Picasso used pure light blue colors. They express the fro zen sea and the winter sky; the people with no shoes on also show that they are cold. In general, the mood of the painting is expressed very clearly. The pale stains in this painting are not only used in some elements, but also for underlying the contrast with dark tones. All in all, despite the imperfect composition, Picasso managed to express the atmosphere excellently. The painting is now at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, USA. Suzanne Bloch â€Å"Suzanne Bloch† is the last painting from Pablo Picasso’s Blue Period. This portrait does not differ much from the other portraits of Picasso: the typical composition, model’s posture, tones and style of painting. A still woman looks straight into the viewers’ eyes; the dark tones of clothing and hair are contrasted with very pale skin. Warm orange lips also prove a contrast to the general cold of the painting. The texture is rather coarse, which makes the painting look messy. The portrait also has an interesting story. It was once stolen from a museum and found a year later, undamaged and safe (Leal, 287). All in all, the Blue Period in the artistic work of Pablo Picasso is one of the most prolific ones. The feeling of resignation was one of the strongest stimuli for the artist to create his works. The Blue Period is marked by expressive melancholic paintings and a palette of cold blue colors. Because of the mournful mood, author depicts unhappy people. None of the characters painted during the Blue Period is smiling; they all embody either poor, sad or stereotypically bad characters. In addition, the style of Picasso’s paintings becomes very recognizable; it still contains the aristocratic tones and mild transitions but at the same time has the roots of cubism. The main features of the Blue Period’s portraits are stillness, heavy dark colors, and thick black contours. Nowadays the works are kept in greatest galleries of the world and admitted to be ones of the world best works. Barnet, S. A short guide to write about art 9th edition. London: Longman, 2002. Print. Cowling, E. Picasso: Style and Meaning. Phaidon Press, 2002. Print. Franck, D. Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art. Grove Press, 2003. Print. Getlein, M. Living with Art 8th Edition. McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2007. Print. Gilot, F, Lake, C. Life with Picasso. Virago,1990. Print. Jaffe, H. Picasso (Masters of Art) New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1983. Print. Leal, B. The Ultimate Picasso. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2000. Print. Raynal, M. Picasso: Biographical and Critical Studies. Skira,1959. Print. Richardson, J. A Life of Picasso: The Prodigy, 1881-1906. Alfred A. Knopf, 2007. Print. Warncke, C, Walther, I, Taschen,G. Picasso Taschen: illustrated edition, 2003. Print.

Caring the Patients with Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes, Anorexia Research Paper

Caring the Patients with Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes, Anorexia - Research Paper Example According to the World Health Organization (as cited in van der Plas et al., 2012), palliative care involves improving the patients’ and their families’ quality of life by preventing and relieving suffering through identification, assessment, and treatment of pain and other problems brought about by the disease, including the patient’s physical, emotional, and spiritual problems. Palliative care uses a support system with a team approach to meet the needs of the dying patient and his family to help them regard dying as a normal process and easing the transition (World Health Organization, n.d.). Heart Failure According to Smeltzer & Bare (2003), heart failure is the condition wherein the heart has difficulty in distributing nutrients to the various tissues and cells. In heart failure, there is a problem with the heart’s contraction or its filling of blood. The risk of having heart failure increases with age. Class II Heart failure involves a slight limitat ion of the patient’s ability to perform normal tasks. The patient may experience symptoms during increased physical activity, but not at rest. Class 2 heart failure usually has a good prognosis. Class III Heart failure involves a much more significant limitation of his ability to perform, while the patient may feel comfortable at rest, the slight activity can bring about symptoms. The prognosis for Class III Heart failure is fair, but not as good as Class II (Smeltzer & Bare, 2003). Diabetes (Type 2) Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which is characterized by hyperglycemia (Abdulameer, Sulaiman, Hassali, Subramaniam, & Sahib, 2012).  

Overweight, Underweight, and Obesity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Overweight, Underweight, and Obesity - Assignment Example To begin with, people should consider eating foods that have low concentration of fats. When a person has high fat intake there is a high possibility that they will have heart related complications. The fat settles on the outer lining of the heart, which leaves little room for the heart’s activities. With limited space of expansion, the heart does not function accordingly. As such, the person will have difficulties especially when the heart does not give the body enough blood supply due to limited space. This is closely connected to obesity where the body needs massive supply of blood. Similarly, the fat in the body builds the lining of arteries and veins. This leaves little room for blood flow in the body. This leads to high pressure in the blood vessels which later leads to hypertension (Sizer and Whitney, 2012). Therefore, reduction of fat consumptions helps the body to function accordingly. When a person needs to reduce the fat in the body, they are advised to work out eve ryday for a minimum of 15 minutes. Similarly, it has been discovered that the growth of cancer cells can be minimized by healthy eating. These foods help increase the immunity of the body to any attacks, for example garlic. It is known that people who maintain healthy eating habits have lesser chances of attacks from hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Therefore, it is prudent to observe healthy eating habits and exercise on a daily

Effect of Policy on Youth Offending Rates

Effect of Policy on Youth Offending Rates Introduction The purpose of this dissertation is to see if the government policy for youth offending has reduced the amount of youth offenders and also if government’s strategies are affective in order to tackle youth offending. Chapter 1 Define youth offending; what are youth offending and what crimes are classified as youth offending and what the major of youth crime activity is taken place. The change of crime in youths before and now. What is youth offending and what policies are used to deal with criminal activity youth offender. What types of crime are considered as offending for youth? What is Youth Offending?, Who Are Youth Offenders? Youth is considered in the criminal justice system a young person or child age from 10-17 as stated by the Youth justice board .A child or young person who breaks the Law and is guilty is classified as a youth offender. Youth crime can consist of different types of criminal actively such as anti- social behaviour, theft, assault and even murder. This is similar to adult crime as breaking the Law is considered as a criminal offence no matter the age. Youth crime can be proven to harm and be dangerous to the community. It could damage the future of the youth by having a life of crime. According to the House office Youth crime â€Å"harms communities, creates a culture of fear and damages the lives of some of our most vulnerable young people† (www.homeoffice.gov.uk) .The impact of youth crime has caused a disturbance within society which has resulted in policies changing quite often in order to overcome youth crime. Out of the youth justice system young could be a different margin for example from seventeen to twenty-one in general terms is classified as young In many countries crime committed by young people and children has become a major battle of politicians. Many politicians believe that youth offenders should be prepared to receive the punishment for the crime they have committed. According to (Simon,2000) â€Å" politicians across the political spectrum have demanded that if a young offenders are prepared to ‘do the crime’ they should also be prepared to ‘do the time’ and that in some cases they should do this ‘time in the same place as adults† (Pitts,J. (2003).) The government have become aware of youth offending and are taking it much more seriously the previously. Punishment has been considered is the main way youths should suffer the same as adults for the actions. Young people and crime have many similarities with the adult offenders. Both adult and youth may have a balance between â€Å"punishment, rehabilitation and deterrence and that between the rights and responsibilities (including the victims) of offender†. ( Pitts,J. (2003). p71) there are different types of sentences from discharges to custody and fines depending on the offence. The England and Wales criminal justice system identifies young people aged between ten and seventeen are classified as youth and are dealt with in a different justice system which is called the youth justice system. Youth offenders have its â€Å"own courts, custodial institutions, professional personnel and in many cases sentences† ( Kirton, D. (2005)) This has become the main part in the youth justice system as children and young people’s mentality and understanding are different to adults so therefore children and young people may not be fully aware and fully at fault for the offence. Youth justice system is a system created so treatment is the main priority of young people and children who are suffering from welfare and other problems as educational, poverty and drugs etc. The youth justice system would consider that the evidence regarding the youth offender and decided what is the best punishment or treatment need which is going to benefit the youth. This is done mainly to prevent the youth from offending again by tackling the problems before it could mean the youth is less likely to offend again. Some organisations consider twenty one year olds or even up to twenty five or thirty as young but according to the youth justice system over seventeen years of age is considered full responsible for the offence so the criminal justice system would deal with the case of over seventeen people. The youth justice believe that youths aged from ten to seventeen are not in the full state of mind compared to an adult for example if a ten year old was to kill someone they would not be liable for a first degree murder due to they cannot distinguish between right and wrong. some groups believe that youths who commit a offence should have the same punishments as adults and others believe that youths at ages from ten to seventeen cannot full be responsible for the action (Jamie bugler case two ten years old killed a child younger then them) Youth policies in the justice system regarding youth offending are mainly set by the government which have installed the youth justice board during the years of 1998 and 1999. Policies were set before by the government and still are mainly but the youth justice board is there to make sure organisations who are trying to prevent youth offending are doing their jobs. Policies such as the Crime and Disorder act in 1998 which was a policy set by the government to create multi-agency panels in order to achieve effectiveness and efficiency. Standards had to be achieved as it was consider as the biggest â€Å"shake up† in the youth justice system according to â€Å"Jack straw† (Pitts,J. (2003). P88). Policies could benefit for and against for example policies regarding social, economical, health and welfare were seen as the main policies for organisations who worked for youth offenders to apply such as the Treatment of youth offenders. Then policies regarding tougher punishments were put in to action now a more multi-agency with treatment and also punishment depending on evidence policy is present. Were it would be considered by a panel which would decided what would be the best method for the youth offender not to re-offend. The main policies regarding youth offenders are introduced by the government s rules and regulations for youth organisations, new legislations and Laws. The youth justice system was introduced policies in force were changing quite often as punishment was the main type of sentence but due to children and adults having their differences (mental, economical, knowledge). Duty of care for children and young people should be considered as from research according to Derek Kirton it could be said that many youth offenders suffer from poor welfare, economical issues, family, health and educational problems. Accoutring to the Home office statistics levels of youth offenders you have these problems are quite high. Punishment may not be considered the best method to help youths in welfare problems. As a result of this future policies changed in order to prevent youth offending by offering treatment instead of punishment. Policies may change depending on research and results as improvement may not be visible. The youth justice system is a system that is created to deal with young people who have offended as it is believed that the young should be treated differently for the offence as young people are not fully aware and knowledgeable as an adult. This system was first introduced in the nineteenth century as pressure from groups by the media, religious, and welfare believed that children are less aware of the offences they commit then an adult. Before the youth justice system was developed young people and children were no different to adults as youths would also be sentenced to the adult jail. After a short period of time when there was no differences for youths and adults, â€Å"industrial schools were introduced for seven to fourteen year olds convicted of vagrancy†( Pitts,J 2003).) as â€Å"Newborn 1995 † stated .these industrial schools were to keep youths out of adult prisons due to the level of corruption and brutality in the adult prisons. Youths and children would stay in the industrial school like it was a jail just for young people and children. The system for youths started to change even more as industrial schools started to expand and more children and young people were held there. As a result of this pressures from political groups due to the increasing level of crimes among youths was getting out of control and media and many off the public became aware of this. â€Å"Informal social controls and the drunkenness, vice, violence and crime to which gave rise† (Pitts,J 2003). It became a major scare as many believed that the justice system and other groups cannot control this crisis. As this crisis was mainly for social controls the media, police and politicians main priority was to control and to remove the crisis. As the level of crime was rising the method of the industrial schools should how unstable the policies and strategies were. it shows that the strategies and the policies of punishment is clearly not working as crime is escalating . During this time punishment was tough unlike today where children and young people have they own justice system and are not as tough on punishment as it was around two centuries ago. Then youths and children were punished similar as how adults were .The social controls were out of hand and it was decided by the government to create committees which would concentrate on the â€Å"treatment† (Pitts,J 2003)of the youth offender instead of punishment. The government created two committees which were â€Å"Gladstone committee and the Lushingto committee† (Pitts,J 2003) these committees were created to be less–tough on youths offenders as they believed that treatment instead of punishment would reduce crime. This may perhaps be that what the government wants to do deal with the problem before it occurs for example a child or young person may offend due to problems at home or even educational problems as a result the committees would try to help children or young people over come this problem as if not treated then a youth may be in a condition where they are not fully aware of offending (need example to back me up) custody was also introduced by the government as the offender could be confined. Treatment was also only offered if there was enough evidence to support the fact that the child was affected by any of the following sciences consisting of paediatrics, child psychology, criminology and penology. This was a newer form of youth justice introduced by the youth justice system, but responsibility was held by the juvenile courts according to (Pitts,J 2003). Chapter 2 Historical context of youth offending, what were the previous strategies and how were they implemented? What are the current strategies (ones that are used now) and what strategies are being considered for the future. What are the objectives of the strategies? The Youth Justice System. What it is, how it is used, the benefits and the weakness of the system. What are the objectives of the governments youth justice strategies. What objectives have been achieved and what are the aims of the government to achieve the target. Have the government met the objectives if so how The aim of the youth justice system is to reduce this major problem of youth crime by building safer communities and to tackle the problem of social exclusion (Home Office, 2008). Social exclusion has led individuals and groups to suffer as it has partitioned them to participate with society activities due to their socioeconomic factors. Chapter 3 What and How effective are the current strategies in place to deal with youth offenders.figures that show Yots etc are working , Talk about organisations such Yots, parenting schemes and other methods used by the government .. The positives and negatives, such as cost etc. what they are doing to try and achieve their aim. Talk about some youth programmes set up in order to reduce crime. Yots mainly but look at other services . In order to tackle youth crime the government introduced the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 where Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) where introduced. These teams are multi-agency bodies with the primary aim of preventing offending by children and young people†. Their aim is also to prevent young people from re-offending in which support is given to them by the YOTs (Bateman et al, 2005). One of the areas covered by youth offending teams is to tackle anti-social behaviour which includes â€Å"harassment of residents or passers-by verbal abuse, criminal damage, vandalism, noise nuisance, graffiti, engaging in threatening behaviour in, large groups, smoking or drinking alcohol under age, substance misuse, joy-riding, begging, prostitution, kerb-crawling, throwing missiles, assault† and â€Å"vehicle-related nuisance† (YJB, 2005 pg 5). The old youth justice, proved by the Audit Commission (1996) caused high levels of crime such as â€Å"vandalism†, â€Å"thefts and burglaries†. This system was confirmed to be â€Å"inefficient and expensive† as it resulted to a little being done to tackle youth crime and showed high levels of re-offending. The Audit Commission in 1996 established a report ‘Misspent Youth’ where many recommendations were highlighted for the new youth justice (Goldson, 2000). The key recommendation in the report was to carry out â€Å"intervening† with youth in the early stages of their career so that their offending behaviour can be targeted. The White Paper ‘No More Excuses’ also stated that YOTs will need to, â€Å"Deliver community intervention programmes to make youngsters face up to the consequences of their crimes and learn to change the habits and attitudes which lead them into offending and anti-social behaviour. The programmes might adopt techniques such as: group work; family group conferencing and mentoring† (Home Office, 1997) Chapter 4 Is the emphasis tough on crime or tough on comers of crime? Look at the punishment and sentencing, public perception look at differences like police want tougher laws on youths but social workers think education and rehabilitation programmes are better .look at the Hansard arguments and news articles to see. How effective are the current strategies in place. Are they reducing the level of crime among youths? Are there different punishments for youths? Level of youths reoffending. Look in to Suggestions instead of punishments Chapter 5 Which interest groups are involved in creating youth offending policies, look at statistics from 2002/03and 2006/07 and compare the data see if the rates are falling etc and which crimes where low and high. Argue for and against punishment and prevention and punishment and rehabilitation. See in the results if punishment becoming harsher is better than the welfare state before and what is happing now such as Multi –Agencies. Also look at which types of youth offend and reoffend the reasons behind this. The statistics from 2002/03 compared with 2006/07. What is found and where should the YJS change and forces on etc. The main aim of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) is to prevent crime, â€Å"the police alone have been relatively ineffective agents of crime prevention† due to crime being a â€Å"multi-faceted in both its causes and effects† (Bateman, 2007). Multi-agency is a process that the Audit Commission believed would play a vital role to divert young people from the courts and prevent them from re-offending in which programmes set up by the Youth Offending Teams which will help them to change and also to face up to the harm caused due to their behaviour (Goldson, 2000). Local authorities (LA) gained a huge statutory responsibility in which they had to implement a multi-agency response to youth crime; previously it had been up to the LA to determine how they did so. The Crime and Disorder Act (CDA) â€Å"required all local authorities with social services and education responsibilities to replace social services youth justice team† (Burnett, 2005 pg 106) with Youth Offending teams. Each team consisted of â€Å"representatives from the local probation and police services, health, education and social services† (Burnett, 2005 pg 106). 14 pilot Youth Inclusion and Support Panels (YISPs) were set up in April 2003 by the Youth Justice Board. This was to target those who were likely to be at the risk of offending, the age range targeted was 8-13 year olds (Youth Justice Board, 2003). The Youth Justice Board (YJB) was first established in 1998 by the Labour Government in which their focus was on the Youth Justice System. YOTs are monitored by the YJB where their performance is measured and aims and objectives are given to them resulting to broad range of expectations that YOTs are supposed to fulfil hence a need for a broad range of expertise within the teams. It is essential for YOTs to develop â€Å"efficient administration of justice† so that when a young person breaks the law; their case is handled and dealt effectively and efficiently. It is vital for the offender to take responsibility for their offence so therefore the YOTs aim is to confront the individual in an appropriate manner so that effective communication is implemented. This will enable them to intervene with one another and discuss factors which causes the individual at a risk of offending. Punishment must be given to the offender which is proportionate to the seriousness of their crime and encouraging reparation to the victims by the offender. Parent responsibilities are also taken account of by the YOT’s and are reinforced. YOTs work with a range of services and interventions such as, â€Å"housing authorities, social services, housing providers and voluntary groups† (http://www.yjb.gov.uk ). The YJB sets out corporate targets for YOTs annually. The corporate objectives for 2006/07 to 2008/09 are divided into 3 sections: Reduce offending and the use of custody Support the youth justice system to reduce the number of first-time entrants to the youth justice system by 5% by March 2008 compared to the March 2005 baseline. Support the youth justice system to protect victims and communities by reducing re-offending by young offenders by 5% by March 2008 compared with the 2002/03 baseline, working towards a 10% reduction by the end of the decade. Support the youth justice system to, between 31 March 2005 and 31 March 2008, reduce the size of the under-18 custodial population by 10% through the implementation of the minimising the use of custody work programme. Improve outcomes for children and young people Support the youth justice system to improve the assessment of risk and need for young people who have offended, and improve their access to specialist and mainstream services that will address the factors identified. To ensure that YOTs have action plans in place to achieve equal treatment at local level for comparable offences by different ethnic groups and to deliver targeted prevention activity that substantially reduces local differences by ethnicity in recorded conviction rates, by March 2008. Safe and appropriate use of custody To ensure that all girls under 18 years of age who are remanded or sentenced to custody are accommodated in secure establishments that are separate from adults by October 2006, and replace 250 places for boys in shared adult sites with separate facilities by March 2008. (source: YJB, 2005 pg 6) These aims will help the members in the youth offending team to stay focus on the targets and will direct them to meet them, they are also able to carry out an effective service by â€Å"monitoring the treatment of young offenders and reducing inequalities†, â€Å"improving access to mainstream services† which will help to â€Å"increase confidence in the youth justice system† (YJB, 2005 pg 6). There are key aims that Rose Burnett has identified that underpin Youth Offending Teams that focus on preventing offending and effective practice is made easier by a multi-agency approach, that can respond to young people in an holistic fashion. â€Å"Youth justice workers should join forces with other professionals† this explored the argument regarding young people being related to problems such as â€Å"truancy, drug abuse and family breakdown† each being handled by â€Å"separate agencies† (Burnett, 2005 pg107). Due to YOTs this would prevent a â€Å"duplication of effort, inconsistencies and differences in emphasis† if the team worked effectively together tackling these problems (Burnett, 2005 pg107). â€Å"All parties should share the aim of preventing offending† as over time the approaches to the youth justice have altered which has caused a lot of confusion regarding the purpose and function of the youth justice system. The government established the paper â€Å"No More Excuses† in which they have stated their â€Å"intention to break with the previous culture of youth justice† where young people’s offending was exempt due to a concentration being on their â€Å"needs rather than their deeds† (Burnett, 2005 pg 107). The paper clearly identified the aims of â€Å"reducing crime by young people† which were given to the members of the Youth Offending Team (Burnett, 2005 pg 107). YOT’s work in partnership who works in conjunction with all other departments in order to achieve the aims set out. The youth offending teams work in a range of services such as, courts and the prison services, they are also involved in complementary inter-agency initiatives, such as child protection committees and community safety partnerships. The goal is to provide a â€Å"joined up†, corporate approach to preventing youth offending. Both the Government and the youth justice board emphasised that YOT’s were not intended to belong to any of the individual agencies. This is a partnership approach which is between all the parties (Burnett, 2005). There are many advantages of multi-agency working within a Youth Offending Team alongside disadvantages which cause areas of concern and which will have to be taken account of. To begin with the advantages of multi- agency working, by working within a Youth Offending Team will result to knowledge and skills being shared. Each member of the team will provide one another with the required information on an â€Å"informal, ad hoc basis† therefore there will be no need for them to â€Å"write off for information or wait for a return phone call† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109). This saves time and communication will be more effective and efficient. By working in the same office was believed to be a great advantage due to a quick access to information and advice (Burnett, 2004). A holistic approach is achieved due to all the representatives of â€Å"all the relevant disciplines† being under â€Å"one room† (Bateman et al, 2005 pg 109). If however, cases do arise which â€Å"lay outside the expertise of the responsible officer† then there is usually someone with the required â€Å"experience, â€Å"knowledge† and skills in the particular area to handle the problem and also recommend suggestions (Burnett, 2005 pg 109). This therefore portrays that multi-agency teams appear to be very beneficial as they bring together â€Å"seamless youth justice service closer† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109). The â€Å"availability of representatives from different services facilitate the referral of young people to those services† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109. This reduces lengthy waiting lists and also â€Å"complicated referral procedures† that are likely to occur. Opportunities of â€Å"having the right person in the right place at the right time† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109) are increased which is hassle free and more convenient for individuals. For instance young people who offend and get into trouble, frequently may have mental health problems for this reason having a health worker in the Youth Offending Team, who is an employee of Children and Adolescent mental health services would improve the access of YOT kids to such mainstream services. The same theory can be applied with education and children out of school. This illustrates that multi-agency teams are well placed to reintegrate socially excluded young people into mainstream provision. Focusing on the disadvantages of multi-agency working shows that, a YOT consists of people from different occupational backgrounds; therefore, this may cause cultural differences especially in the process of decision making and may result to conflicts and misunderstandings between the staff. This will have a negative impact upon the service of the YOT and cause implications for effective practice. Each member of the Youth Offending Team is recognised as a team and not an individual therefore when problems do arise there will be a high risk on the group as a whole for example on effective communication amongst the individuals. Looking at recent statistics the â€Å"Let’s Talk about It† report states â€Å"for youth Offending Teams to work effectively, there needs to be effective joint working across specialities†, 15% of the YOTs consisted of problems due to joint working between the specialist health and substance misuse workers and case managers. The reason for these problems was due to â€Å"the lack of adequate procedures for the sharing of information that affected many Youth Offending Teams† (Healthcare Commission, 2006). The multi-agency members may be part of one team but may receive different conditions to their service. For instance the â€Å"operational managers might receive lower salaries than some of the practitioners under their supervision† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109), this shows that conflicts may arise between the staff regarding different rewards being attained. This is also explored by Sampson et al (1988) where it can be seen that the police are often more dominating which results to them ignoring the multi agency team which may cause conflicts among the members of the team and shows how tensions between partners with different priorities can arise. â€Å"The police are often enthusiastic proponents of the multi-agency approach but they tend to prefer to set the agendas and to dominate forum meetings and then to ignore the multi-agency framework when it suits their own needs† (Sampson et al, 1998). There has been a debate whether the team members in a Youth Offending Team should be generalist or specialists. Research carried out on behalf of the YJB found out that, in practice â€Å"many specialist health, education and substance misuse staff are under pressure to undertake generic youth justice duties†. This shows an ongoing â€Å"difficulty of obtaining specialist services from outside of the YOT and contributes to a dilution of specialist provision within it† (Pitcher et al, 2004). A Youth Offending Team consists of members from different occupations for example a â€Å"police officer† or an â€Å"education worker† (Burnett, 2005 pg 109), by working in a YOT the members may lose their real identity and profession and for this reason they may not be able to bring their â€Å"distinctive professional contribution† into the YOT. There is a problem about generic versus specialist work, this looks at whether members in the YOT do a bit of everything or do work relating to their specialism therefore causes identity confusion. The work of multi-agency partnerships sounds good but the main question is does it work once it’s put in practice? Data from the ‘Agency Public Protection Arrangements Annual Report 2005/06’ (pg 21) shows five years on from the implementation of the Criminal Justice and Courts’ Services Act 2000 which established the Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements, also known as MAPPA. Within the five years (2001-2006) multi-agency partnerships have gained an achievement on employing a safer society for all however there is still a lot for them to do and to ensure that â€Å"arrangements are fit for their purpose and are applied across England and Wales†. The main aim of the MAPPA is to make the â€Å"communities safer and reducing re-offending† (National Offender Management Service, 2005/6 pg 21). Multi-agency is something which was created by the government in order for public services could work together to reduce costs, crime and create a more organised justice system. multi agency is the way forward according to the government who believe authorities such as police, social workers , welfare and Yots will work together this is to have a better understanding of the situation and there for make a more accurate decision. Punishment, prevention and rehabilitation issues would descused regarding the youth offender. It would depend on the crime, social wellbeing, education, poverty etc. Although research shows that multi agency partnership works but there are also many areas and cases created that should be looked into for improvement. This can be seen through the case of Victoria Climbie which took place in February, 2000. Victoria aged eight was living with her aunt Marie-Therese and her aunt’s boy friend Carl Manning in London. Victoria’s parents had sent her with her aunt due them believing she would gain a better future but instead she was suffering abuse by Carl Manning that led to her death. Inquiries after her death took place by Lord Laming which showed that multi-agency partnerships are partly responsible for the death due to the doctors, police and social workers being aware of the situation which could have been tackled and could have saved a life but instead there was a lack of communication amongst the multi-agency’s which caused them to be under the assumption that another agency had taken control of the case. For this reason Victoria was unable to gain the support and treatment that she required. This case allowed the work of multi-agency partnerships to be looked into to point out the areas of concern that had to be developed upon. One of the major concerns was the lack of staff. New approaches were introduced regarding children which is evident in the Green paper in 2003 where there government established ‘Every child matters’ that enabled children to retrieve a better and healthier life, it also addressed many changes to the work of multi-agency partnerships work such as data being accessed by all members in the agencies and recorded accurately, finance was also given ( £100,000) in order for them to develop upon sharing information between each profession. Children were also give more rights in which they were able to contact more than one service at anytime and there was also a need for assessments to be carried out which would require multi-agency teams to share data. These points will enable each member of the team to work more effectively alongside one another (www.community-care.co.uk). Another problem that has encountered can be seen through a recent report called â€Å"Let’s talk about it† by the Healthcare commission (2006) which shows that there is a problem with health and education not meeting standards. The report shows that â€Å"children and young people who offend have more health needs than the non-offending population of childrenThe provision of healthcare for them has improved, but it remains inadequate†. Therefore the healthcare organisations are required to contribute to youth justice in their area in order to reduce the factors that play a part in offending. The report portrays findings from 50 Youth Offending Teams in England and Wales carried out from September 2003 to April 2006. The findings illustrate that services should be made more accessible for children aged 16 and 17 as this is the age where individuals are likely to carry out serious crimes. Healthcare workers within the multi-agency partnerships provided services for the offender based on their â€Å"experience† and â€Å"specialities† rather than the needs of the individual which can have a positive and a negative response. Data shows that from â€Å"2004 onwards, CDRPs required to undertake an annual appraisal of their health. To be changed to 6 months following a review†, however out of the â€Å"20 projects studied over 18 months: 4 had completed, 6 still aiming to implement plans, 6 had abandoned some of their plans and 4 had made very little progress† (Hedderman e